U.S. I - Ch. 18 Study Goals and Objectives - Sectional Struggle 1848-1854

Ch. 18 – Renewing the Sectional Struggle, 1849-1854

Objectives

1.       Explain how the issue of slavery in the territories acquired from Mexico disrupted American politics from 1848-1850

2.       List the major terms of the Compromise of 1850 and indicated how this agreement attempted to deal with the issue of slavery.

3.       Describe how the Whig party disintegrated and disappeared because of its divisions over slavery.

4.       Describe how the Pierce administration engaged in various pro-Southern overseas and expansionist ventures

5.       Describe Douglas’s Kansas-Nebraska Act and explain why it stirred the sectional controversy to new heights.

6.       Look up the Missouri Compromise of 1820.  Compare and contrast it to the Compromise of 1850.  State why sectional issues could not be compromised in 1820 and 1850, but not in 1854.

Study Questions:

1.       What was Compromise of 1850?  What urgent issues created the crisis leading up to it?

2.       How did the moral issues of the slavery debate affect American political parties?

3.       Why did the Whig party disappear, and why did the Free Soil and Republican parties come into being?

4.       Why were pro-slavery southerners so eager for the U.S. to expand in Nicaragua, Cuba, and elsewhere in the 1850s?

5.       What were the causes of the Kansas-Nebraska Act?  What were its consequences?

U.S. II Ch. 35 Notes - FDR and the Shadow of War

CHAPTER 35 – FDR AND THE SHADOW OF WAR

I. Affairs in the International Early 1930s

A.     The London Conference – 1933

1.        In the summer of 1933, 66 nations sent delegates to the London Economic Conference – hoping to organize a global attack on the depression

2.        FDR at first agreed to send delegates, but then declared that U.S. would not take part

3.        Without U.S. support the Conference fell apart and strengthened the global trend towards nationalism

B.      Affairs in Asia and Europe

1.        The Tydings-McDuffie Act in 1934 provided for independence of the Philippines by 1946

2.        In 1933 FDR formally recognized the Soviet Union to open up trade and bolster a counter weight to possible German power in Europe and Japanese power in Asia

C.      Continuing the Good Neighbor Policy in Latin America

1.        The last marines left Haiti in 1934

2.        Cuba was released from U.S. control , although the naval base at Guantanamo was retained

D.     Lowering the Tariff

1.        Congress passed the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act in 1934 designed to lower the tariff

2.        Secretary of State Cordell Hull succeeded in negotiating pacts with 21 countries by 1939

3.        By these agreements the president was empowered to lower existing rates by as much as 50% provided that the other countries involved would do the same

4.        U.S. foreign trade increased dramatically

II.               Foreign Aggression Leading up to World War II

A.     Mussolini’s Italy

1.        Mussolini had taken control of Italy in 1922 and created a fascist state

2.        Shared power with King Victor Emmanuel III

3.        Signed an agreement with Pope Pius XI – recognized Vatican as an independent state

4.        Looking to expand in Africa attacked Ethiopia in 1935– withdrew from the League of Nations

5.        In 1936 allied with Hitler to form the Rome - Berlin Axis

6.        In 1936 gave aid to fascist General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War

7.        In April of 1939, attacked and occupied Albania

B.      Japan

1.        In 1931 attacked Manchuria (in China)

2.        In 1932, when threatened by the League of Nations, they withdrew and continued Chinese aggression

3.        in 1936, they terminated the Washington Naval Treaty and accelerated the construction of giant battleships

4.        In 1937 , after all out attacking China, Japan sunk an American gunboat, the Panay but quickly apologized

5.        In 1940 became part of the Axis powers with Italy and Germany

C.      Hitler’s Germany

1.        Jan. 1933 – Hitler appointed Chancellor

2.        March 1933 – Enabling Act grants Hitler absolute dictatorial power

3.        Oct. 1933 – Germany withdraws from the League of Nations

4.        1935 – Nuremburg Laws deprive Jews of all rights of citizenship

5.        March 1935 – Hitler announces German rearmament

6.        March 1936 – German armies move into the demilitarized Rhineland

7.        July 1936 – Hitler supports Franco in Spain

8.        March 1938 – Germany annexes Austria

9.        Sept. 1938 – Munich Conference – Britain and France agree to German seizure of the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia

10.  March 1939 – Germany occupies the rest of Czechoslovakia

11.  August 1939 – Nazi-Soviet nonaggression pact is signed

12.  Sept. 1, 1939 – Germany invades Poland

13.  Sept. 3, 1939 – Britain and France declare war on Germany – World War II begins

III.          U.S. Reaction to Aggression and the Continuing War

A.     The Neutrality Acts of 1935, 36, 37

B.      The Neutrality Act of 1939

1.        Provided that the European democracies might buy American war materials on a “cash and carry basis”.

2.        FDR was also authorized to proclaim danger zones into which American merchant ships would not enter.

C.      Events up to the Fall of France

1.        The months following the fall of Poland were known as the “Phony War”

2.        The Soviet Union took over Finland

3.        Beginning in April 1940 Germany overran Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, and Belgium – “blitzkrieg”

4.        By late June of 1940 France surrendered

5.        Beginning in August 1940 – Hitler launched air attacks against Britain known as the Battle of Britain

6.        On June 22, 1941 Germany launched an attack on the Soviet Union

D.      U.S. Bolsters Britain

1.        Sept. 1940 – Destroyers for bases deal

2.        1941 – Congress passed Lend-Lease Law – lend needed munitions to allies – get them back at end of the war

3.        Atlantic Conference – August 1941 – Churchill and Roosevelt off the coast of Newfoundland – drew up the Atlantic Charter

E.       U.S. Enters the War

1.        By the fall of 1941, U.S. in an undeclared war in the N. Atlantic with Germany

2.        Congress voted in November 1941 to repeal the Neutrality Act of 1939, enabling merchant ships to be legally armed and enter the combat zone with munitions for Great Britain

3.        On Sunday, December 7, 1941, Japanese bombers attacked Pearl Harbor

4.        On December 8, 1941 the U.S. declared war on Japan.

5.        On December 11, 1941, Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S.

AP European History- Industrialization -Continent; working class; cities

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Industrialization continent  Reasons for Britain first: 

    Pressures on Demand:

1.       population growth 

2.       Markets 1660s to late 1700s – British exports grew fast because they exported to North and South America, Caribbean, etc. 

3.       agriculture – 

      a.        learned from Dutch 

                           i.      crop rotation – clover, turnips enhanced productivity of soil, could be used for animal fodder

                          ii.      British agriculture became the best, most productive in the world ( new practices) 

       b.      Empire = access to new land. 

                  1. food, e.g. sugar, -major component of British workers’ diet. Also N. American colonies fed Caribbean slaves; wheat and corn sent to Britain. 

                   2. Raw materials e.g. Cotton for cloth 

4.       Energy Sources 

       a.       originally water power, mills subject to vagaries of weather, drought, and freezing 

        b.      wood – China etc. used by 1750; Britain was deforested, so were parts of China – scarce resource 

        c.       COAL – the key compared to the others – Britain had easy access to abundant Coal – Cheap energy 

5.       Technology: Cotton, Iron, and Steel production – 

        a.       Spinning through mid 18c – spinning wheel, 1 thread at a time. Around 1760-1764 spinning jenny invented, spun 12 threads at once.   Nest one could be attached to the water wheel 

        b.      Weaving – 1730 flying shuttle invented, created need for more thread – Doubled and tripled weaving output. 

        c.       Steam Engine – combined with the other machines to produce large amounts of cloth. 

                          i.      Changed all processes of cloth production. 

                           ii.       Need fewer workers for much greater production

             iii. changing mode of production from home to factory created polluted crowded cities

        d. Iron production - similiar tech. changes in smelting, blast furnaces, rolling mills.

                         

 

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U.S. I Ch. 17 Notes pp. 370-382

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Chapter 17 – Manifest Destiny and its legacy 1841-1848

ELECTION OF 1840

Harrison: “Tippecanoe and Tyler too” – Whig

Daniel Webster – Secretary of State, and Henry Clay, Senator aka “The Great Compromiser” planned to govern while Harrison remained a figurehead.

VP Tyler took office when Harrison died 1 month after inauguration

• å      Blocked programs of Webster, Clay

• å      “President without a Party”

• å      Opposed Clay’s “American System”

• å      Passed bill for 2nd National Bank

• å      Vetoed bill for a 3rd National Bank

Whigs expelled Tyler from party and tried to impeach him

Tyler’s cabinet resigned (except Webster)

1842- Tyler signed bill to raise tariff 32%

FOREIGN POLICY: TROUBLE WITH GREAT BRITAIN

A. 1837 – Caroline Incident [Van Buren’s presidency]

1840 Canadian arrested for role in Caroline incident

Britain threatened war if man were executed

B. 1841 – Creole incident – Brits offered asylum to US slaves who had seized the Creole and fled to the Bahamas

C. Maine boundary dispute – Brits wanted to build road through disputed ME territory, from Halifax, Nova Scotia to Quebec

1838 – “Aroostook War” – Canadian lumberjacks fought ME militia (little violence)

1842 – Webster-Ashburton Treaty (U.S., GB)

• Settled ME boundary dispute

• Britain would avoid interfering with U.S. slaves (e.g. Creole incident)

• U.S. got some territory in Minnesota that later turned out to have iron deposits

• Both would cooperate to control pirates off of Africa.

Significance: improved U.S.-GB relations

TEXAS

1.   1836 became independent from Mexico

2.   Military threat from Mexico forced Texas form alliances with European nations

a.    Britain,

b.    1839-1840Treaties with : France Holland Belgium

3.   Britain and France hoped an independent TX would help divide America

4.   Britain interests in TX

a.   abolition,

b.   free-trade in TX

c.    TX cotton for their textile mills

5.   Independent TX a danger to US: foreign threats

6.   After election of 1844 became 28th state in 1845 (see below)

OREGON: Americans angled for Oregon Country

1.   Huge – Rockies to Pacific, n. of CA to 54º40”

2.   Claimed by Spain, Russia, Britain, USA

a.    1819 Spain relinquished claim, 1825 & 1825 Russia

3.   British claims via settlement and Hudson’s Bay Co. strong north of Columbia River

4.   Americans claims strong via Robert Gray (1792) and Lewis and Clark (1804-1806) explorations, and settlement south of Columbia R. 1830s

5.   Treaty of 1818- US & Great Britain- joint occupation of Oregon Country

6.   By 1846 5000 Americans had come to Wilamette Valley over the Oregon Trail (“Oregon fever”)

7.   US wanted 49th parallel as boundary, Britain wanted Columbia R.

8.   Oregon Settlement of 1846 set 49^th parallel as boundary (see below)

ELECTION OF 1844 – Polk (Democrats, “Young Hickory”) v. Clay (Whig, “Great Compromiser”)

1.   Clay popular, Polk a “dark horse” w/ southern support

2.   Issues

a.    Dems believed in Expansionism –Manifest Destiny

                                              i.     Texas a major issue-

1.    Dems, esp. southerners supported annexation of TX as slave state

2.    Whigs tried to straddle TX issue - annex but not right away

                                             ii.     Oregon – occupy to 54º40’

b.    Other issues – bank, slavery, tariff, internal improvements

3.   Close election, Polk won

4.   Outgoing President Tyler led annexation of TX by joint resolution of Congress (1845) TX – 28th state

POLK ADMINISTRATION – 4-point program:

1.   Lower Tariff: Walker Tariff of 1846 lowered tariff to 25%, produced revenue

2.   Restore independent Treasury 1846

a.    (Background: Bank v. Treasury; Hamilton’s Bank of US was privately owned but acted like a branch of Govt. – issued paper money – had been dropped by Jackson in 1836.  In Van Buren’s “Divorce Bill” An independent Treasury owned by Govt. replaced it 1840-1841)

b.    (Definition: Independent treasury – govt funds stored in vaults, not loaned out like bank funds)

3.   Obtain Oregon:  Oregon Settlement of 1846 (US, Britain) set boundary at 49th parallel

4.   Obtain California from Mexico – Mexico rejected Slidell’s offer of $25 million

TROUBLE WITH MEXICO

1.   Mexico owed US citizens $3 million

2.   Mexico offended by annexation of TX 1845

3.   Mexico & US disputed TX border

4.   1846 – after Slidell mission to Mexico failed (Mexico refused to sell CA to U.S.), Polk ordered Gen. Zachary Taylor to march to disputed territory from Nueces R. to Rio Grande; in April Mexicans attacked and US declared war

MEXICAN WAR 1846-1848

å      Whigs opposed war – Abraham Lincoln sought the exact “spot” where American blood was shed on American soil

å      Some Whigs believed U.S. had no right to land south of the Nueces River.

å      Polk’s real objective – get California before British did

U.S. attack:

California- land 1846 –

å      Gen. Stephen Kearny captured Santa Fe NM intending to march to CA

å      Capt. John C. Fremont captured California after a short period as the California Bear Flag Republic (26 days)

California- sea – Commodore John Sloat captured Monterrey and San Francisco

Mexico:

å      Gen. Zachary Taylor (“Old Rough and Ready) victorious at Monterey and in 1847 at Buena Vista, Mexico – fought General Santa Anna

å      Gen. Winfield Scott (“Old Fuss and Feathers”) landed at Vera Cruz, Mexico, marched inland and captured Mexico City 1847

TREATY OF GUADALUPE HIDALGO - 1848

å      Polk sent Nicholas Trist to negotiate; Gen. Santa Anna took money and reneged.

å      Polk recalled Trist, who refused to obey and negotiated treaty with Mexico anyway.

å      Provisions:

1.    U.S. gained half of Mexican Territory:  California, and large region which is today NM, AZ, UT, and NV (these gains are known as the Mexican Cession)

2.    U.S.  right to TX was confirmed

3.    U.S. to pay $15 million and pay claims of U.S. citizens agianst Mexico (the $3 million)

         Treaty approved by Senate despite bitter debate –

         So-called “Mexican Whigs” disapproved of war

         Expansionists (mostly southern) wanted to capture all of Mexico

         Some like Calhoun advocated wise course of signing treaty immediately

Results of Mexican War:   “Mexico will poison us.”

• å      America’s size increased by one-third (counting TX)

• å      American army, navy and Marines won battle experience that they would later use on both sides of Civil War

• å      American military reputation grew internationally

• å      Permanent damage to relations between U.S. and Mexico and US. and Latin America (“Colossus of the North”)

• å      MOST IMPORTANT:  Slavery Issue re-opened – bitterly divisive.  Should new territories be slave or free?

• å      Mexican War eventually resulted in the Civil War

• å      Abolitionists thought war was plot by Southern slave owners

• å      Wilmot Proviso of 1848

                       -Slavery should never exist in any territory gained from Mexico

                       -Bitter fighting in Congress - rejected 1846, 1847

                       -Southerners resented Northern attempts to prevent spread of slavery.

U.S. I Ch. 17 Terms pp. 370-380

Pages 370-374

William Henry Harrison (1841)
Whig president who died a month after taking office

Daniel Webster secretary of State under Harrison and Tyler

Henry Clay Senator and head of the Whig party, “the Great Compromiser”

John Tyler (1841) independent-minded “president without a party” who took office after President Harrison died suddenly

Canadian insurrection (1837) short-lived revolt of Canadians against Britain – American aid resulted in the sinking of the Caroline and nearly brought the U.S. and Britain to war

Caroline incident (1837) an American ship carrying supplies to Canadian rebels was unlawfully attacked in New York by the British; a Canadian was captured and held responsible by the US, and the US and Britain nearly went to war

Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842) Between the U.S. and Britain, settled the Maine border.

Pages 374–377

Texas Republic The period when Texas was an independent country after it broke away from Mexico in 1836 until it became part of the US in 1845

James K. Polk (1844) defeated Clay in 1844 to become Democratic president; expansionist

Admission of Texas (1845) Texas was annexed and invited to become a state by a joint resolution of the U.S. Congress, led by President Tyler

Oregon Country Territory west of the Rockies to the Pacific Ocean and north of California, claimed by Spain, Russia, Britain, and the U.S.

Hudson’s Bay Company British agency which colonized the Oregon Country

Oregon Trail (1840s) the 2000-mile trail that led thouseands of American settlers to the Oregon Country

Pages 377–380

“Manifest Destiny” the idea that God had given the entire continent to Americans and wanted them to settle the western lands

1844 election James Polk unexpectedly won the Democratic nomination and defeated Henry Clay in a divisive election

54º 40'Pledge: Democratic campaign plank in 1844 election, asserting U.S. claims to Oregon to the 54th parallel

Oregon settlement (1846) America’s controversial agreement with Britain to fix the northern border of Oregon at the 49th parallel

US II- Ch. 35 Learning Objectives

Homework for Monday, 5/2:
Read about FDR and the Shadow of War, Ch. 35 pp. 806-818.
As you read, take notes on Study Goals (aka Learning Objectives) 1 and 2. (see below)
Print a copy of the Study Goals to keep in your binder.

Ch. 35 Study Goals -  Be able to:

1. Describe the isolationist motives and effects of FDR's early foreign policies.
2. Explain how American isolationism dominated U.S. policy in the mid-1930s
3. Explain how America gradually began to respond to the threat from totalitarian aggression while still trying to stay neutral.
4. Describe Roosevelt's increasingly bold moves toward aiding Britain in the fight against Hitler and the sharp disagreements these efforts caused at home.
5. Discuss the events and diplomatic issues in the Japanese-American conflict that led up to Pearl Harbor.