Rarely Seen Faces of the Civil War

Follow this LINK for a slide show of rarely seen portraits from the Civil War era.  Be sure to mouse down to the bottom of each image to see a pop-up caption with fascinating information about each image.
Then take this QUIZ.

U.S. I Ch. 19 Notes: The U.S. Drifts Toward Disunion

CHAPTER 19 – DRIFTING TOWARD DISUNION - 1854-1861

“A house divided against itself cannot stand...” –Abraham Lincoln, 1858

Overview:  As emotions rose and violence broke out in the Kansas Territory in 1855, a political solution to the slavery issues became less and less likely.  The Supreme Court ruled against the slave Dred Scott and went even further, saying the Missouri Compromise of 1820 had been unconstitutional.  A financial panic hurt the North in 1857 and gave the South confidence in its economic strength.  Lincoln opposed Douglas for the Illinois senate and engaged in the Great Debate of 1858.  John Brown attacked Harper’s Ferry in 1859 and was executed, outraging abolitionists. When the Republicans Abraham Lincoln, who opposed the expansion of slavery, won the Election of 1860, South Carolina seceded from the Union, followed quickly by other states. Attempts at compromise led by Sen. Crittendon failed, and the no-longer-United States drifted toward civil war between North and South.

I.      1850s: Public opinion in the North turned strongly against slavery, while Southerners became less and less willing to remain in the Union.

A.   Harriet Beecher Stowe’s novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) ignited a firestorm of anti-slavery opinion in the North and around the world.

1.              Many Northerners vowed not to obey the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850

2.              The novel’s strong effect on public opinion against slavery in Britain and France deterred those nations from assisting the South.

B.    1857: Southerner Hinton R. Helper’s anti-black and anti-slavery book, The Impending Crisis of the South, argued that non-slaveholding whites suffered the most from slavery.  It aroused outrage in the South but was used as campaign literature by the Republicans.

II.    Election of 1856: 

A.   Candidates:

1.              James Buchanan (PA, Democrat)

2.              Capt. John Fremont (fought in California – Republican)

3.              Millard Fillmore for 3rd-party “Know-Nothings” (nativist, anti-immigrant)

B.    Issues: Democrats for popular sovereignty; Republicans against slavery in the territories; Know-Nothings against foreigners and Catholics

C.    Buchanan won, but Republicans made a strong showing

III.  Violence and civil war in Kansas Territory; “Bleeding Kansas”

A.   Settlers moved to Kansas and fight over land and slave issue

1.              ca. 2000 were armed abolitionist settlers assisted by the New England Emigrant Aid Society, which hoped to use popular sovereignty to make Kansas a free territory

2.              Southerners were angered, having assumed the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) meant Kansas would be slave and Nebraska free; tried to send their own pro-slavery settlers

3.              1855:  thousands of proslavery Missouri residents crossed into Kansas to vote fraudulently in elections for the territory’s legislature

4.              Proslavery supporters and Free-soilers set up competing governments in Kansas; sporadic violence over land claims

5.              1856: pro-slavery raiders burn free-soil Lawrence, KS

B.    1856: John Brown retaliated for burning of Lawrence with bloody massacre of supposed pro-slavery men at Pottawatomie Creek

C.    Civil war in Kansas continued until it merged with the national Civil War of 1861-1865

D.   Lecompton Constitution (1857) drawn up by proslavery forces, forced population to vote on state constitution “with slavery” or “without slavery” but either way would permit existing slave ownership in Kansas

1.              Passed with slavery 1857

2.              Buchanan administration supported, Sen. Stephen Douglas opposed, and entire Lecompton Constitution was submitted to vote and defeated

3.              Democratic party split between North and South; no national parties remained

IV. Violence on the Senate floor leads to further divisions

A.   1856 Sen. Charles Sumner of Massachusetts insulted pro-slavery proponents and SC Senator Andrew Butler on senate floor

B.    SC Senator Preston “Bully” Brooks beat and seriously injured Sumner in retaliation

C.    North and South driven even further apart

V.   Dred Scott Decision (1857)

A.   Dred Scott, a slave, sued for freedom on the grounds that he had lived for many years in free state IL and free territory WI

B.    Supreme Court ruling against Scott stated

1.              Slaves were not citizens and could not sue in Federal Court

2.              Slaves were property and could be taken into any territory, slave or free, and must remain slaves

3.              Missouri Compromise of 1820, banning slavery north of 36°30', and repealed by Compromise of 1850, had been unconstitutional all along; congress had no power to ban slavery in territories even if free.

4.              [More info on Dred Scott Case:  http://www.oyez.org/cases/1851-1900/1856/1856_0/]

C.    Northern Democrats and Republicans disagreed, defied Supreme Court

VI. Financial Crash of 1857

A.   Causes were inflation from California gold, land and railroads speculation, low prices for grain, and the lower Tariff of 1857

B.    North (grain-growing, manufacturing) hit harder than South (cotton), contributing to southern overconfidence

C.    Republicans sought higher, protective tariff and free homesteads, both of which would benefit the North.

VII.                 Illinois Senatorial Race of 1858:  Lincoln v. Douglas

A.   1858 Douglas and Lincoln held 7 debates together called the Great Debate

1.              Lincoln asked, if the people voted against slavery in a territory and the Supreme Court said they could not, who would prevail? 

2.              Douglas’s answered in his Freeport Doctrine that no matter how the Court ruled, if the people voted slavery down it would stay down.

B.    Lincoln won the Illinois Senate seat

VIII.               John Brown attacks Harper’s Ferry, Oct. 1859

A.   Brown plotted to incite a black rebellion in the South, arm the slaves, and create a black free state.

B.    Attacked arsenal, killing several, and was captured by Lt.Col. Robert E. Lee, tried, and executed

C.    Many abolitionists considered Brown a martyr, unaware he had been a murderer in Kansas and was possibly deranged.

IX. Election of 1860

A.   Democrats divide; N and S cannot agree on candidate

1.              Northern Democrats choose Douglas (IL)

2.              Southern Dems choose John Breckinridge (KY)

B.    Constitutional Union party (former Whigs and Know-Nothings) choose John Bell (TN)

C.    Republicans choose Lincoln (IL)

1.              platform: no slavery in territories; protective tariff; rights for immigrants; Pacific railroad; internal improvements at federal expense; free homesteads

2.              Southerners deeply opposed to Lincoln (who up until then had advocated compensation for slave owners)

D.   Lincoln won, and extremist Southerners vowed to secede from the Union

X.   Southern States Secede from the Union

A.   December 1860 – South Carolina secedes from the Union even before Lincoln takes office

B.    1861: Within 6 weeks Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas seceded from the union. 

C.    Spring 1861: Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee secede (see p. 437)

D.   Why Southerners supported secession in 1860-61 (Led by Jefferson Davis)

1.               Believed they were wealthy enough to not need Northern bankers and shippers, and could trade directly with Europe for manufactured goods

2.              thought Northern economic interests with south would prevent North from attacking

3.              Believed they were emulating the 13 colonies when they rebelled against England

XI. Crittendon’s Compromise fails

A.   Crittendon proposed amendments to Constitution to appease the South

1.              Slavery prohibited north of 36°30'  but protected for all territories existing south of that, and all future territories

2.              Future states north or south of the line could enter as slave or free by popular sovereignty

3.              Lincoln rejects compromise, believing U.S. would constantly war against countries to its south to obtain new slave territories

US II- Ch. 36 WWII Video Project

                                            Shipyard Worker, WWII - Kearny, New Jersey n.d.
                                            (source - Library of Congress)


Your mission:  Find and retrieve quality historic video footage to help your class understand American participation in World War II.

Where to look for videos:  loc.gov (library of Congress) or try the Library of Congress channel on You Tube.  An easy way to search is to go to YouTube.com then enter "Library of Congress WWII" or some combination to come up with videos.  You can look at other videos on YouTube, TeacherTube, etc. but try to choose something of quality that pertains to what we are learning in Chapter 36, "America in World War II, 1941-1945." You can also search on some particular topic, e.g. "Women's Army Corps" or "Eisenhower WWII"

Length:  Choose video between 1 and 5 minutes.  A longer video doesn't get you a better grade!  If your video is longer than 5 minutes, select the segment you want the class to view, and mention that in your e-mail to me (e.g., write "segment 3:36 to 4:45" to let me know the section of a longer video you have chosen)

Reporting and Sharing:  Send me an e-mail that included the following:
1) a link to the video (the URL address - copy it from the location bar of your browser)
2) a paragraph summarizing the content of the video  - who, what, where, when, why.
3) a paragraph stating how the video pertains to something about WWII you read in our book, the page number we should refer to, and how you think it will help the class to understand this event or concept better.  For example, the video you choose might expand on information we've read, provide additional information, clarify something, illustrate something, or even contradict something you read in our textbook.
You may choose something from the Home Front, or something from the Asian or European theaters of the war.

Posting Your Video and Content to Wikispaces

1. If you're in Pattern 1, go to http://advusiipat1.wikispaces.com/
   If you're in Pattern 6, go to http://advusiipat6.wikispaces.com/
2. SCROLL DOWN to the small blue link called "Sign in with a Password"  (Ignore the Open ID and sign-in button stuff)
3. Click the link.  A sign-in screen will come up.  Enter the Username and Password you were given in class.
4. Our class Wikispaces webpage will come up.  Find your page (listed on the right), click on it, click Edit, then post your link and your paragraph content.  View this Jing video to see how:

Ms. PushkalWikispaces: Posting Content US History II

Here's a link to a video of Rosie the Riveter to get you started.

US II - link to Ch. 35 Test - print and practice

At the end of this paragraph is link to your Chapter 35 test - take the test as a practice test, then print your results.  Keep the printout in your binder to use for studying for exams.  You may take the practice test up to 5 times.
When you're ready to take Ch. 35 as a practice test, click here:   Chapter 35 Test

U.S. I - Ch. 18 Notes: Sectional Struggle 1848-1854

CHAPTER 18 – RENEWING THE SECTIONAL STRUGGLE

I.                               Political Events and the Election of 1848

A.                Lewis Cass (Dem) Zachary Taylor (Whig) and Van Buren (Free Soil Party) Major parties hoped to avoid slavery issue

1.                  Cass: Popular sovereignty: People of territories choose for themselves whether or not to permit slavery

2.                  Taylor:  not committed to slavery though owned slaves.  Whig party waffled

3.                  Free Soil party: northerners who supported Wilmot Proviso abolitionists, others unhappy with other parties.  Opposed slavery in territories, supported federal aid, free govt. homesteads)
“Free soil, free speech, free labor, free men.”

4.                  Taylor won

II.                            California Gold 1848

A.                Huge numbers of prospectors poured into California, creating a crime wave as well as business opportunities serving miners

B.                 1849: California applied for admission as free state

III.                         Disputes over Slavery around 1850

1.                  Political balance between North and South about equal in 1850: 15 slave states and 15 free states

2.                  South worried that balance would tip in favor of free states

3.                  Texas claimed area that stretched into today’s New Mexico

4.                  Arguments over abolishing slavery in District of Columbia

5.                  Southerners angered by loss of 1000 runaway slaves per year

a.       Underground Railroad abolitionist network helped slaves escape (e.g. Harriet Tubman)

b.      Personal liberty laws

c.       South demanded stronger runaway slave laws

IV.                         Compromise of 1850

A.                Crisis between North and South provoked a debate in Congress

1.                  Whigs, urged compromise

a.       led by Sen. Henry Clay (“the Great Compromiser”) and Sen. Stephen A. Douglas (“The Little Giant”) 

b.      later Daniel Webster “Seventh of March Speech”

2.                  Southern Sen. John C. Calhoun (“The Great Nullifier”) rejected Clay’s compromises, wanted

a.       slavery left alone,

b.      runaway slaves returned

c.       2 presidents – 1 for North and 1 for South

3.                  Both South and North stood to lose financially if South seceded

4.                  Young Guard (north) not alert to dangers of breaking up union, urged abolition e.g. William H. Seward

5.                  Pres. Zachary Taylor died in 1850; Millard Fillmore took over, signed Compromise of 1850

B.                 Compromise of 1850- agreements:

1.                  Concessions to North:

a.       California admitted as free state

b.      Territory disputed by TX and New Mexico given to NM

c.       Abolition of slave trade (but not slavery) in District of Columbia

2.                  Concessions to South:

a.       Remaining Mexican Cession area formed into New Mexico and Utah territories, popular sovereignty would determine whether or not they would permit slavery

b.      Texas received $10 million compensation for territory given to NM

c.       Stricter fugitive slave law

C.                 Results of the Compromise of 1850:

1.                  Senate balance tipped against South (see Maps p. 399, 400)

2.                  In reality NM and UT likely to become free territories

3.                  abolition of slave trade in DC created dissent

4.                  harsh Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 stirred up powerful (sometimes violent) opposition in the North

a.       crowds protested capture of slaves

b.      Northern states refused to enforce Fugitive Slave Law by variety of means

5.                  Bitter antagonism between North and South

V.                            Election of 1852: End of the Whig Party

A.                Democrats choose “dark horse” Franklin Pierce (New Hampshire)

1.                  supported Compromise of 1850

B.                 Whigs nominated Gen. Winfield Scott

1.                  supported Compromise of 1850, though less than Dems

2.                  Whigs split between Northern abolitionist and Southern proslaveryWhigs, losing election

3.                  Whig party would dissolve within a few years

VI.                         Expansionism under President Pierce:
--“Young America:” Pierce seeks to extend Manifest Destiny
--South interested in new territory to expand slavery after Compromise of 1850 closed lands of Mexican Cession to slavery

A.                Central America:

1.                  Nicaragua, Panama proposed sites of canal to shorten route to California

a.       1850: Clayton-Bulwer Treaty – Britain and U.S. agree neither side would build or monopolize a canal in Central America without the other’s consent.

2.                   Southerners interested in territory to restore political balance

a.       1856 William Walker took over Nicaragua, legalized slavery (1860: Walker executed)

B.                 Asia: U.S. now has Pacific coastline in CA, OR so interested in Asian trade

1.                  1854:  Japan: Commodore Matthew Perry sails warships to Japan, strongarms Japanese to sign treaty to trade with U.S.

C.                 Cuba: Spanish-held island. South coveted to create new states out of this sugar island to restore political balance.

1.                  Polk offered to buy Cuba for $100 million; Spain refused.

2.                  1850-1851 – two American (mostly southerners) “filibustering” expeditions attempted to capture Cuba by force and failed

3.                  1854 - Spain seized U.S. ship Black Warrior – Southerners demanded U.S. war with Spain and seize Cuba.

4.                  Ostend Manifesto of 1854: On U.S. orders American diplomats drew up plan to buy Cuba for $120 million or seize it by force if Spain refused to sell.  Manifesto leaked out, caused embarrassment for U.S. govt.

D.                South and North each opposed each other’s plans to expand

VII.                      North and South: Divisions over Territory within United States

A.                Gadsden Purchase of 1853, and a Pacific Railroad

1.                  U.S. worried that CA and Oregon too hard to reach by land; sea routes long, impractical

2.                  Debate: Should transcontinental RR run through North or South?

a.       RR would provide huge benefits to regions it ran through

b.      Best route seemed partly below Mexican border

3.                  1853: U.S. purchased land from Mexico  for $10 million [today’s southern New Mexico and AZ]

4.                  Result:

a.       South now had advantage regarding railroad to Pacific

1.      proposed route would run through states or organized territories rather than thru unorganized territory like Nebraska;

2.      Rockies were lower in south

b.      North tried to organize Nebraska terr. but South blocked it.

B.                 Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 [See Map p. 407]

1.                  Sen. Stephen A. Douglas, IL (Little Giant) proposed splitting Nebraska Territory into Nebraska and Kansas

a.       New terrs. would decide slavery question by popular sovereignty

b.      expectation that KS would become slave and Nebraska free

c.       However, Missouri Compromise of 1820 prohibited slavery above 36º30' line; would have to be repealed

2.                  Douglas pushed bill through Congress (underestimated how north would react)

a.       Northerners shocked; saw Compromise of 1820 as sacred, reacted angrily

1.      refused to honor Fugitive Slave Law of 1850

2.      antislavery movement grew significantly

3.      North unwilling to compromise on future issues

b.      Southerners angry that free-soilers tried to make Kansas a free state

1.      Democratic party broken apart

c.       Kansas-Nebraska Act demolished Missouri Compromise of 1820 and the Compromise of 1850

3.                  Birth of the Republican Party 1854

a.       Republican party formed in response to Kansas-Nebraska Act

b.      Included Whigs, Democrats, Free-Soilers, Know-Nothings, and others opposed to KS-NB act

c.       Republican party not allowed in the South

4.                  Kansas-Nebraska Act considered by historians to be main short-term cause of Civil War

U.S. II Ch. 36 Notes - America in World War II

CHAPTER 36 – AMERICA IN WORLD WAR II

I.      The Start of the War

A.   War is declared

1.     On Dec. 8 , 1941 the U.S. declared war on Japan

2.     On Dec. 11, 1941 Germany and Italy declared war on the United States

3.     The U.S. adopted the strategy of “getting Germany first” then allied forces could be concentrated on Japan

B.    The U.S. prepares for war

1.     There was almost no witch-hunting of minority groups – the exception to this was 110,000 Japanese-Americans on the Pacific Coast who were herded into concentration camps for fear they might act as spies for Japan in case of invasion

2.     The lingering Great Depression was brought to an end with massive military orders carried out by the War Production Board

3.     The draft left the nation’s farms and factories short of personnel- Mexicans were brought in by the thousands to harvest crops in the west – called “braceros”

4.     Millions of women went to work in the factories and the armed services enlisted about 216,000 women – the role of women in American society would change as a result of this

5.     Many blacks left the South to seek jobs in the war plants of the West and North

6.     Some 25,000 Native Americans served in the armed forces- Comanches in Europe and Navajos in the Pacific made valuable contributions as “code talkers”

II.    War in the Pacific

A.   The Rising Sun in the Pacific

1.     Simultaneously with the assault on Pearl Harbor, the Japanese launched attacks on many Far Eastern strongholds, including the American outposts of Guam, Wake, and the Philippines

2.     On the Philippines, American forces, led by General Douglas MacArthur held out for 5 months

3.     They surrendered on April 9, 1942 – this was followed by the 80-mile Bataan Death March to prisoner-of-war camps

4.     The island fortress of Corregidor surrendered on May 6, 1942

B.    Japan’s High Tide is halted

1.     In May of 1942 a crucial naval battle was fought in the Coral Sea – an American carrier task force, with Australian support, engaged in the first battle in which all fighting was done by carrier-based aircraft- Japan suffered heavy losses

2.     On June 3-6, 1942 a naval battle was fought near Midway

a.     Admiral Nimitz directed a smaller but skillfully maneuvered carrier force

b.     The Japanese retreated after losing 4 carriers

c.     Midway was the turning point in the Pacific

C.    American leapfrogging toward Tokyo

1.     In August 1942, American forces gained control of Guadalcanal Island in the Solomons – to protect Australia

2.     After several desperate sea battles, the Japanese evacuated in February 1943

3.     The U.S. then began “leapfrogging” the Japanese-held islands in the Pacific – this new strategy called for bypassing some of the most heavily fortified Japanese posts

4.     The major islands of the Marianas fell in July and August 1944 (included Guam) – from here the U.S. could send the new B-29 super bombers on raids on Japan’s home islands.

III.  The Allied Halting of Hitler

A.   Events of 1942

1.     The turning point of the land-air war against Hitler came in 1942  when British forces under Gen. Montgomery defeated German forces at El Alamein (Egypt) and drove German General Rommel back to Tunisia

2.     In September of 1942, the Soviets repelled Hitler’s attack on Stalingrad, capturing thousands of German soldiers

3.     The U.S launched an assault on North Africa  in November of 1942 – this was led by General Eisenhower

B.    Events of 1943

1.     In January of 1943 Roosevelt and Churchill met at Casablanca in North Africa – they adopted the policy of “unconditional surrender”

2.     Allied forces captured Sicily in August 1943

3.     In September 1943, Italy surrendered and Mussolini was overthrown

4.     From November 28^th to December 1^st Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met in Tehran, Iran to coordinate a second front in France.

C.    Events of 1944

1.     Rome was finally taken on June 4^th, 1944

2.     On June 6^th,1944, the D-Day invasion of Normandy in France began – the Allied Commander was Eisenhower

3.     Paris was liberated in August of 1944

4.     December, 1944 – Battle of the Bulge – last German offensive – was halted after 10 days when the 101^st Airborne division held firm

IV. The election of 1944

A.   Candidates

1.     The Democrats nominated FDR for a fourth term and Senator Harry Truman was chosen for the vice presidency

2.     The Republicans nominated New York Governor Thomas Dewey

B.    Results-FDR won a sweeping majority of the votes in the Electoral College and was reelected

1.     Many voters concluded that FDR’s experience was needed for making a future organization for world peace

2.     In Feb. 1945 he attended the Yalta Conference in Russia with Churchill and Stalin who promised to enter the war against Japan but wanted control of the government of Poland.

V.   The End of the War

A.   The Last Days of Hitler

1.     In April of 1945, U.S. troops reached the Elbe River, finding the concentration camps

2.     The Soviets captured Berlin in April of 1945

3.     President Roosevelt died on April 12 and Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945

4.     The German government surrendered unconditionally on May 7 and May 8 , 1945 was officially named VE Day

B.    Japan Dies Hard

1.     MacArthur officially landed on the main Philippine island in January, 1945 and captured Manila in March of 1945

2.     The islands of Iwo Jima and Okinawa were then taken by June of 1945 with extreme loss of life

3.     The American navy also suffered heavy damage from the “kamikaze” Japanese pilots.

4.     The Potsdam conference near Berlin in July of 1945 sounded the death knell of the Japanese – Truman ,Stalin, Atlee – issued an ultimatum to Japan – surrender or be destroyed

5.     The atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 and on Nagasaki on August 9

6.     On August 10 Japan surrendered under the condition that Hirohito be allowed to remain emperor

7.     The Allies accepted this condition on August 14, 1945 and the war formally came to an end on September 2, 1945 ( VJ Day).