CHAPTER 35 – FDR AND THE SHADOW OF WAR
I. Affairs in the International Early 1930s
A. The London Conference – 1933
1. In the summer of 1933, 66 nations sent delegates to the London Economic Conference – hoping to organize a global attack on the depression
2. FDR at first agreed to send delegates, but then declared that U.S. would not take part
3. Without U.S. support the Conference fell apart and strengthened the global trend towards nationalism
B. Affairs in Asia and Europe
1. The Tydings-McDuffie Act in 1934 provided for independence of the Philippines by 1946
2. In 1933 FDR formally recognized the Soviet Union to open up trade and bolster a counter weight to possible German power in Europe and Japanese power in Asia
C. Continuing the Good Neighbor Policy in Latin America
1. The last marines left Haiti in 1934
2. Cuba was released from U.S. control , although the naval base at Guantanamo was retained
D. Lowering the Tariff
1. Congress passed the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act in 1934 designed to lower the tariff
2. Secretary of State Cordell Hull succeeded in negotiating pacts with 21 countries by 1939
3. By these agreements the president was empowered to lower existing rates by as much as 50% provided that the other countries involved would do the same
4. U.S. foreign trade increased dramatically
II. Foreign Aggression Leading up to World War II
A. Mussolini’s Italy
1. Mussolini had taken control of Italy in 1922 and created a fascist state
2. Shared power with King Victor Emmanuel III
3. Signed an agreement with Pope Pius XI – recognized Vatican as an independent state
4. Looking to expand in Africa attacked Ethiopia in 1935– withdrew from the League of Nations
5. In 1936 allied with Hitler to form the Rome - Berlin Axis
6. In 1936 gave aid to fascist General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War
7. In April of 1939, attacked and occupied Albania
B. Japan
1. In 1931 attacked Manchuria (in China)
2. In 1932, when threatened by the League of Nations, they withdrew and continued Chinese aggression
3. in 1936, they terminated the Washington Naval Treaty and accelerated the construction of giant battleships
4. In 1937 , after all out attacking China, Japan sunk an American gunboat, the Panay but quickly apologized
5. In 1940 became part of the Axis powers with Italy and Germany
C. Hitler’s Germany
1. Jan. 1933 – Hitler appointed Chancellor
2. March 1933 – Enabling Act grants Hitler absolute dictatorial power
3. Oct. 1933 – Germany withdraws from the League of Nations
4. 1935 – Nuremburg Laws deprive Jews of all rights of citizenship
5. March 1935 – Hitler announces German rearmament
6. March 1936 – German armies move into the demilitarized Rhineland
7. July 1936 – Hitler supports Franco in Spain
8. March 1938 – Germany annexes Austria
9. Sept. 1938 – Munich Conference – Britain and France agree to German seizure of the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia
10. March 1939 – Germany occupies the rest of Czechoslovakia
11. August 1939 – Nazi-Soviet nonaggression pact is signed
12. Sept. 1, 1939 – Germany invades Poland
13. Sept. 3, 1939 – Britain and France declare war on Germany – World War II begins
III. U.S. Reaction to Aggression and the Continuing War
A. The Neutrality Acts of 1935, 36, 37
B. The Neutrality Act of 1939
1. Provided that the European democracies might buy American war materials on a “cash and carry basis”.
2. FDR was also authorized to proclaim danger zones into which American merchant ships would not enter.
C. Events up to the Fall of France
1. The months following the fall of Poland were known as the “Phony War”
2. The Soviet Union took over Finland
3. Beginning in April 1940 Germany overran Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, and Belgium – “blitzkrieg”
4. By late June of 1940 France surrendered
5. Beginning in August 1940 – Hitler launched air attacks against Britain known as the Battle of Britain
6. On June 22, 1941 Germany launched an attack on the Soviet Union
D. U.S. Bolsters Britain
1. Sept. 1940 – Destroyers for bases deal
2. 1941 – Congress passed Lend-Lease Law – lend needed munitions to allies – get them back at end of the war
3. Atlantic Conference – August 1941 – Churchill and Roosevelt off the coast of Newfoundland – drew up the Atlantic Charter
E. U.S. Enters the War
1. By the fall of 1941, U.S. in an undeclared war in the N. Atlantic with Germany
2. Congress voted in November 1941 to repeal the Neutrality Act of 1939, enabling merchant ships to be legally armed and enter the combat zone with munitions for Great Britain
3. On Sunday, December 7, 1941, Japanese bombers attacked Pearl Harbor
4. On December 8, 1941 the U.S. declared war on Japan.
5. On December 11, 1941, Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S.
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