AP European History- Industrialization -Continent; working class; cities

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Industrialization continent  Reasons for Britain first: 

    Pressures on Demand:

1.       population growth 

2.       Markets 1660s to late 1700s – British exports grew fast because they exported to North and South America, Caribbean, etc. 

3.       agriculture – 

      a.        learned from Dutch 

                           i.      crop rotation – clover, turnips enhanced productivity of soil, could be used for animal fodder

                          ii.      British agriculture became the best, most productive in the world ( new practices) 

       b.      Empire = access to new land. 

                  1. food, e.g. sugar, -major component of British workers’ diet. Also N. American colonies fed Caribbean slaves; wheat and corn sent to Britain. 

                   2. Raw materials e.g. Cotton for cloth 

4.       Energy Sources 

       a.       originally water power, mills subject to vagaries of weather, drought, and freezing 

        b.      wood – China etc. used by 1750; Britain was deforested, so were parts of China – scarce resource 

        c.       COAL – the key compared to the others – Britain had easy access to abundant Coal – Cheap energy 

5.       Technology: Cotton, Iron, and Steel production – 

        a.       Spinning through mid 18c – spinning wheel, 1 thread at a time. Around 1760-1764 spinning jenny invented, spun 12 threads at once.   Nest one could be attached to the water wheel 

        b.      Weaving – 1730 flying shuttle invented, created need for more thread – Doubled and tripled weaving output. 

        c.       Steam Engine – combined with the other machines to produce large amounts of cloth. 

                          i.      Changed all processes of cloth production. 

                           ii.       Need fewer workers for much greater production

             iii. changing mode of production from home to factory created polluted crowded cities

        d. Iron production - similiar tech. changes in smelting, blast furnaces, rolling mills.

                         

 

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